other بررسی دیدگاه فخررازی در عدالت صحابه تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <i><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:">عدالت صحابه یکی از اعتقادات غالب اهل‌تسنن است که شماری از مفسرانِ ایشان برای اثبات آن به تعدادی از آیات قرآن کریم استناد کرده‌اند. یکی از این آیات آیۀ ۱۰۰ سورۀ توبه است که سبقت‌گیرندگان از مهاجرین و انصار را مشمول رضای الهی معرفی می‌کند. فخررازی از مفسران بزرگ اهل‌تسنن در تفسیر این آیه بحث عدالت صحابه و از آن جمله ابوبکر را پیش کشیده است. در پژوهش حاضر، این دیدگاه با ارجاع به تاریخ صدر اسلام مورد بررسی و نقد قرار می‌گیرد. در این‌باره به چنین وقایعی استشهاد شده است: ابلاغ آیات ابتدایی سورۀ برائت، تخلف از سپاه اسامه و ایراد خطبۀ شقشقیه توسط امام علی</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Roumouz">%</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:">، و بالاخره سخنان شخص ابوبکر. <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">اما موضوع اتکای مفسران اهل‌تسنن، به‌ویژه فخررازی، بر آیۀ یادشده برای اثبات عدالت صحابه بررسی و نقد می‌شود. در این‌باره به چنین دلایلی استناد شده است: اصطلاح متشرعه بودن </span></span></span></span><span class="Char" style="font-family:YKNazanin"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">&laquo;</span></span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">صحابی</span></span></span></span><span class="Char" style="font-family:YKNazanin"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" badr="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">، عدم‌شمول آیه دربارۀ همۀ صحابه،&nbsp; اختلاف علمای اهل‌تسنن در مقصود آیه از سابقین اولیه و تابعین و نیز در برداشت عدالت صحابه از آیه، و بالاخره سوءبرداشت از مفهوم سابقین و مخالفت این برداشت با آیات قرآن و سیرۀ نبوی و سیاق آیات و مسلمات تاریخی.</span></span></span></span></i> <i><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The justice of the Companions is one of the dominant beliefs of the Sunnis, which a number of their commentators have referred to a number of verses of the Holy Qur</span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&rsquo;</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">an to prove it. One of these verses is the 100th verse of Surah </span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">al</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">-Tawbah, which introduces those who overtake the Muhajir</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">n (Medinan Followers of the Prophet (pbuh)) and the An</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ṣā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">r </span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">(Meccan followers of the Prophet (pbuh)) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">as being subject to Allah&#39;s pleasure. Fakhr R</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">zi, one of the great Sunni commentators, has discussed the justice of the companions, including Ab</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ū</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Bakr, in the interpretation of this verse. In the present research, this view is examined and criticized with reference to the history of the early days of Islam. In this regard, the following events have been cited: Delivering the opening verses of Surah Bar</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">ʿ</span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">t, violation of Osama&#39;s army and delivery of the sermon Shighshigh</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ī</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">iyah by Im</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">m Ali (as), and finally the words of Ab</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ū</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Bakr himself. However, the issue of the reference of Sunni commentators, especially Fakhr R</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">zi, on the mentioned verse to prove the justice of the companions is examined and criticized. In this regard, the following reasons are cited: The term &quot;religiousness&quot; of a </span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ṣ</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ḥā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">b</span></span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ī</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">, the non-inclusion of the verse about all the companions, the difference between Sunni scholars in the meaning of the verse from the early first Muslims and T</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ā</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">bi</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;">ʿ</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">ī</span></span></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">n (the followers), and also in the perception of justice of the companions from the verse, and finally, the misunderstanding of the concept of the first Muslims and the opposition of this concept with the verses of the Qur&#39;an and the Prophet&#39;s life and the context of the verses and historical facts.</span></span></span></i> فخررازی, اهل‌تسنن, عدالت, صحابه, تابعین, سورۀ توبه. Fakhr Rāzi, Ahl al-Sunnah, Justice, Ṣaḥābah, Tābiʿīn, Surah Tawbah. 43 67 http://pnmag.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2-138&slc_lang=other&sid=1 Tahereh Sadat Mirfakhrai طاهره سادات میرفخرائی tmirfakhraee@gmail.com 10031947532846003635 10031947532846003635 Yes Gholam Hossein Arabi غلامحسین اعرابی gholamhoseinaerabi@gmail.com 10031947532846003636 10031947532846003636 No